（本文节选自高伟《魔方英语语法》第十一章第五节。已经登记版权，请勿用于商业用途。）
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本节目录和摘要： 一. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的对比。 1.两种定语从句与先行词的关系不同。 限制性定语从句起限定作用，非限制性定语从句起修饰作用。 2.两种定语从句的引导词不同。非限制性定语从句的引导词不能代替或省略。 二. 分隔性定语从句。做这种题时，关键在于根据句意找准先行词。 |
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・小故事・ 一个逗号使得英国牧师一丝不挂 点评：前者是限制性定语从句（无逗号），后者是非限制性定语从句（有逗号）。 |
定语从句的分类，见下表：
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分类 |
用公式表示 |
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限制性定语从句 |
先行词+定语从句 |
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非限制性定语从句 |
先行词+ ，+定语从句 |
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分隔性定语从句 |
先行词+ … +定语从句 |
定语从句按照与先行词的关系远近（有没有逗号隔开），可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。反过来说，限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的所有区别，都源于“有/无逗号”，无逗号则关系紧密，有逗号则关系松散。例如，①因为有逗号（较远），则可以修饰先行词或整个主句。无逗号则只能修饰先行词。②因为有逗号（较远），则不能代替或省略，否则容易引起歧义。
因为以前讲的都是限制性定语从句，所以，下边两个表格，主要记右列（非限制性定语从句）。
1.两种定语从句与先行词的关系不同。关键在于①，由①可以推导出②③。
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限制性定语从句 |
非限制性定语从句 |
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①对先行词起限定作用。 翻译时，译为定语。 |
①只能对先行词起附加说明作用。 翻译时，译为并列句或状语从句。 |
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②若先行词是某些表示泛指的词（如，不定代词），常用限制性定语从句。 |
②若先行词是某些表示特指的词（如，专有名词，或者被物主代词、指示代词修饰时），常用非限制性定语从句。（因为已经限定了，只能附加说明一下） |
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③which只能指物注 ，不能指事。 |
③which可以指物（即表物的先行词），也可以指事（即指整个主句）。 |
注：which在定语从句中作表语时，也可以指人。（参看第四节.六.）
①例句（如何翻译限制性/非限制性定语从句）
●She has found the necklace which/that she lost two weeks ago.
她找到了两周前丢的项链。（其它时间丢的项链是否找到，没说）
●She has found the necklace, which she lost two weeks ago.
她已经找到那条项链，那条项链是两周前丢的。（只有一条项链）
②例句（某些泛指的先行词+限制性定语从句）
●That’s all that I could do at that time.（不定代词）。
●She has nothing that is good to say.（复合不定代词）。
②例句（某些特指的先行词+非限制性定语从句）
●I met John, who is my classmate.（专有名词）
●My computer, which my mother gave me last year, is still in good condition.（物主代词）
●This film, which I have read three times, is very instructive.（指示代词）
③例句（which可以指代整个主句）
●He is from the south, which we can know from his accent.（which指代He is from the south）
（=We can know from his accent that he is from south.）
●I said nothing, which made him angry.（=That I said nothing made him angry.）
③例句（which可以指代this/that）
●I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone.（in that case→in which case）
我可能得晚点下班，那样的话我会打电话的。
●The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.
讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在这时，听到砰地一声巨响。
2.两种定语从句的引导词不同。非限制性定语从句的引导词不能替代或省略。
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限制性定语从句 |
非限制性定语从句 |
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①关系代词可用who(m)/whose/which/that |
①关系代词可用who(m)/whose/which/(that×) |
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②关系副词可用when/where/why |
②关系副词可用when/where/(why×) |
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③引导词有时可以代替。如， who代替whom，that代替who(m)/which。 |
③引导词不能替代。（为什么that不能引导非限制性定语从句呢？因为that本质是替代词。） |
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④引导词有时可以省略。 |
④引导词不能省略。 |
例句（that不能引导非限制性定语从句）
●He failed again, which/(that×) was out of my expectation.
●This note was left by Tom, who(that×) was here just now.
●First came Mary, who(m)/(that×) few of us had expected.
1.什么是分隔性定语从句？即，先行词+…+定语从句。
一般地，定语从句紧跟在先行词后边，即，先行词+定语从句。有时，为了避免头重脚轻，把定语从句移到句尾，而导致定语从句不是紧跟在先行词后边，即，先行词+…+定语从句，这种情况叫“分隔性定语从句”。
被哪些结构分隔呢？我们在第一章讲过“四结构”：动词短语，介词短语，非谓语动词短语，从句。定语从句被分隔，其实就是各种结构之间调整了顺序而已。如，
●I was the only person in my office that was invited.（被介词短语分隔）
我是我们办公室里唯一被邀请的人。
●The days will come soon when people have enough to eat and wear.（被谓语分隔）
人们的丰衣足食的日子很快就会到来。
●There are no places left on the earth that the foot of man has not trodden.（被非谓语动词分隔）
2.做这种题时，关键是根据句意找准先行词。如，
●The river in the picture brought the days back to the old men ___they swam in it.
A.when B.that C.who D.there
句意：图片里的那条河使这些老人回忆起他们在河里游泳的那段日子。分析：先行词是the days而不是空格前的the old men。如果把定语从句紧跟在先行词之后，则变为：The river in the picture brought the days when they swam in it back to the old men. 这个句子显得有点头重脚轻。选A。
分组对比练习
题组30（which引导非限制性定语从句）
第5―6题考查which可以指代this/that。
1. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ____ is named after his grandfather.（2010,全国Ⅰ） A. which B. where C. what D. that
句意：小时候，杰克在一所乡村学校读书，那所学校是以他祖父的名字命名的。分析：where不能作主语，what不能引导定语从句，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。选A。
2. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _____, of course, made all the others upset.(2011,北京) A. who B. which C. what D. that
分析：①不选who，应选which，因为，不是“这个人”使别人心烦，是“这件事”使别人心烦。②不选C，因为，what不能引导定语从句。选B。
3. Whenever I met her, ____ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.（2009,山东）
A. who B. which C. when D. that
分析：不论什么时候遇见她，她都用甜甜的微笑迎接我，这是常事儿。选B。
4. They've won their last three matches,____ I find a bit surprising.(2009,辽宁)
A. that B. when C. what D. which
句意：他们在最后三场比赛中赢了，我觉得有点意外。
分析：与这个题相关的规则有两条：①先行词中有强势指定（last），引导词应该用that。②that不能引导非限制性定语从句。这两者发生矛盾时，遵循第②条，所以，选D。
5. He may win the competition，____ he is likely to get into the national team. (2013,辽宁)
A．in which case B．in that case C．in what case D．in whose case
分析：in the case→in which case要是那样的话。选A。
6. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _____ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.（2005,重庆） A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time
分析：during that time→during which time。选A。
题组31（分隔性定语从句）
1. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other. (2011,福建) A．which B．where C．what D．who
句意：她是制造气氛的天才―这种气氛可以使她的学生彼此能够自由交流。
2. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _____I met in the English speech contest last year. (2010,湖南) A. who B. where C. when D. which
3. Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.（2012,浙江） A, which B, who C, where D, whom
句意：埃伦是一个专门画鸟类和大自然的画家，因为某种原因而远离了社会。
分析：先行词是Ellen，引导词在从句中作主语。选B。
4. You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.（2011,上海）
A. which B. where C. when D. as
分析：先行词是taxis，引导词在从句中作宾语。选A。
5. The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister she would stay for an hour. (2010,江西) A. where B. who C. which D. what
6. In
A. where B. which C. whose D. that
分析：①先行词是cities，选whose。②不选where，是因为句子后边本身有地点状语。选C。